Placebo and nocebo effects illustrate the profound influence of cognitive-affective processes on symptom perception and treatment outcomes, with the potential to significantly alter responses to medical interventions. Despite their clinical …
Placebo analgesia demonstrates that belief and expectation can significantly alter pain, even without active treatment. Placebo analgesia can be induced through verbal suggestion, classical conditioning, or their combination, though the role of …
Changes to one’s pain processing system via external or cognitive influences may influence how we perceive the world around us and interact with other people. To investigate the causal effects of different types of (psycho)pharmacological pain …